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IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies (TLT), Volume 19
Volume 19, 2026
- Bérénice Lemoine

, Pierre Laforcade
, Sébastien George
:
Design and Implementation Framework of Game Activity Generators for Declarative Knowledge Training. 1-20 - Congcong Xie, Di Wang

, Quan Wang
, Xiao Liang
, Ruyi Liu
, Qiguang Miao
:
Multimodal Latent Temporal Modeling for Continuous Engagement Assessment in Online Education. 21-34 - Devasena Pasupuleti

, Hamed Mahzoon
, Kazuki Sakai
, Hiroshi Ishiguro
, Yaswanth Bangi, Rajeevlochana G. Chittawadigi
, Yuichiro Yoshikawa
:
Virtual Robots in E-Learning: A Pathway to Enhanced Academic Self-Esteem, Math Performance, and Engagement in Children. 35-50 - Junmei Feng

, Yaomin Zhao, Xiongwen Zhong, Lin Zhang, Xianlin Peng
, Qiguang Miao
:
A Job-Seeking Assistance System by Integrating Interview Training With Job Recommendation. 51-62 - Xiaojie Niu

, Jingjing Zhang
:
Enhancing Automated Text Coding in Online Learning Research: A Systematic Calibration Framework for Large Language Models. 63-74 - Junlei Du

, Yishen Song
, Qinhua Zheng
:
LLM-Simulated Nonequivalent Groups With Anchor Test: A Novel Approach for Test Equating in the Absence of Traditional Anchor Items. 75-86 - Han Wan

, Shiyang Yue
, Mengying Li
, Xin Luo
, Yaofeng Hu
, Baoliang Che
, Jingyuan Wang
:
Integrating Blended Learning Behaviors via Multimodal Fusion for Student Performance Prediction. 87-104 - Mo Wang

, Ye Zhang
, Jinlong He
, Yupeng Zhou
, Niantong Li
, Jianan Wang
, Yifei Sun
, Minghao Yin
:
Optimizing Aesthetic Perception Through Human-AI Teaming for Subtle Dimension Identification in Art Annotation. 105-116 - Zhiyuan Wang, Hengding Wang

, Guoyue Xiong
, Ruofei Lin
:
FC-RAG: Enhancing Football Coaching With Multimodal Retrieval-Augmented Generation. 117-126 - Xiaoming Cao

, Shiting Xu
, Xinyue Chen, Yujie Song
, Qiurui Luo, Tao He
:
Leveraging Generative AI Agent to Promote Teaching Reflection in a K-12 AI Course: Effects on Teachers' Reflection Self-Efficacy, Instructional Design, and Reflective Thinking. 127-140 - Sen Shen

, Ning Liu, Lintao Song, Dongkun Han
:
MathScrub: Single-Pipeline Strikeout Removal and LaTeX Generation for Handwritten Calculus Expressions. 141-154 - Qi Lang

, Minjuan Wang
, Shuli Hu
, Dongjie Wang
, Miao Li, Jianan Wang
, Minghao Yin
:
TeenChat: A Human-Calibrated Mental Health LLM With Intention-Aware Dialogue and Contrastive Counseling Regularization. 155-165 - Chentianye Xu

, Jionghao Lin
, Yujing Zhang
, Tongshuang Wu
, Vincent Aleven
, Kenneth R. Koedinger
:
Improving Automated Feedback Systems for Tutor Training in Low-Resource Scenarios Through Data Augmentation. 166-181 - Kostas Blekos

, Dimitrios I. Kosmopoulos
, Klimis Antzakas
:
A Vision-Based System for Automated Sign Language Teaching. 182-195 - Behnam Parsaeifard

, Christof Imhof
, Tansu Pancar
, Ioan-Sorin Comsa
, Martin Hlosta
, Nicole Bergamin
, Per Bergamin
:
Detection of Disengagement From Voluntary Quizzes: An Explainable Machine Learning Approach in Higher Distance Education. 196-214 - Jie Cao

, Shuman Wang
, Xian Chen, Christian Schunn
:
Codevelop Learning Tasks With Generative AI: Mapping Challenges, Gains, and Professional Development Needs. 215-228 - Xinyue Zhang, Fangqing Zhu, Kun Wang, Guitao Cao

, Yaofeng Xue, Mingzhuo Liu:
Bring the Artificial Intelligence to Tutoring Robots in Education: A Systematic Literature Review. 229-248 - Huihua He

, Tingjun You
, Wenwei Luo
, Ilene R. Berson
, Michael J. Berson
, Lei Zhou, Linzhu Fan, Xiongwei Xu
:
Profiling Preschool Teachers' Readiness for AI-Enhanced Professional Development: A Diagnostic Framework Based on Digital Literacy. 255-270 - Jin Yang, Jincheng Guo

, Lili Gong
:
Against Techno-Feudalism in Academia: Reclaiming Scholarly Autonomy in the Age of AI. 249-254 - Wu-Yuin Hwang

, Ika Qutsiati Utami
:
SocioMathLLM: A Multimodal Large Language Model Framework for Generating Authentic Mathematical Word Problems Driving Socialization. 271-285 - Zeynep Cipiloglu Yildiz

, Furkan Baytak, Furkan Ozkaya:
A Scenario-Driven AI+VR Language Practice Platform: A Technical Feasibility and Formative Usability Study. 286-301 - Martina Morano

, Dirk Ifenthaler
, Lorenzo Cesaretti
, Francesco Di Nardo
, Laura Screpanti
, David Scaradozzi
:
Design and Evaluation of an AI-Based Conversational Agent for Adaptive Feedback in Educational Robotics. 302-315 - Beibei Liu, Fei Hao

, Ruoxia Yao
, Yishui Zhu
, Liang Zhao
:
Modeling Cognitive Processes of Learners Based on BiGRU-Attention: A Dual-Phase Framework. 316-329 - Junjie Ni

, Yadan Hua
, Weiwei Wang
, Junfeng Yang
, Tingsong Li
:
Interdisciplinary Integration: The Connotation and Methods of Cultivating Artificial Intelligence Talents in K-12 Education. 330-340 - Maryam Ebrahimi, Rajeev Sahay

, Seyyedali Hosseinalipour
, Bita Akram
:
The Transition From Centralized Machine Learning to Federated Learning for Mental Health in Education: A Survey of Current Methods and Future Directions. 341-359 - Qian Li

, Ziqing Zhao
, Yongkang Liu, Ning Liu
, Lizhen Cui
:
Knowledge Graph Augmented Generation for Examination Questions. 360-375 - Yizhi Wang

, Minjuan Wang
, Degang Xu
, John Chi-Kin Lee
, Yongfang Xie
:
Xmobot: Enabling Rapid Build-and-Train Robotics Education With Agentic AI. 376-387 - Jiatong Li

, Yingying Ni
, Minjuan Wang
, John Chi-Kin Lee
, Qi Liu
, Mengxiao Zhu, Zhenya Huang
, Shijin Wang
, Enhong Chen
:
Toward Fair and Efficient Intelligent Learning: A Generative Cognitive Diagnosis Approach. 388-403 - Christian Corrò

, Luca Chittaro
:
The Integration of Interactive Psychoeducation and Agent Embodiment in Virtual Reality Training: An Evaluation on Breathing Techniques. 404-417 - Lee Bissessar

, Craig J. Ramlal
, Arvind Singh
:
SimuNEX: A 3-D Simulation Framework for Teaching Control Systems. 418-432 - Xin Xu

, Xinya Lu
, Yusi Yan
, Mao Tian
, Jianan Wang
:
ConfuciusLM: Exploring Confucian Personalized Instruction for Primary Learners With Large Language Models. 433-446 - Sijia Hao

, Huanghe Pan
, Pei Sun
, Jingjing Chen
, Dan Zhang
:
A Dynamic Eye-Movement Alignment Method for Assessing Context-Based Mathematical Problem-Solving. 447-461 - Rania Hussein

, Zhiyun Zhang
, Marcos Inoñan
, Pablo Orduña:
A Mixed-Methods Comparative Study of Remote and Traditional SDR Laboratories via Bloom's Taxonomy, Surveys, and Focus Group. 462-479 - Hung-Yue Suen

, Kuo-En Hung
:
An Interpretable Closed-Loop Intelligent Tutoring System for Multimodal Affective Feedback in Asynchronous Presentation Training. 480-491 - Juan Yang

, Ruinan Shi
, Xu Du
, Yiqian Xie, Weiwei Wang
:
Multimodal Conversational Emotion Recognition in Education With Uncertain Missing Modalities: A Graph Fusion Network Approach. 492-504 - Junqi Liao

, Minjuan Wang
, Xiaofei Wu
, Yizhi Wang
, Xin Wei
:
IAEAgent: LLM-Based Educational Agent for Instructional Alignment Evaluation in University Courses. 505-519 - Cunling Bian

, Zimeng Zhai, Saisai Ye, Weigang Lu
:
Generative Agents for Learning Behavioral Simulation: An Interview-Driven and Multiexpert Reflection Framework. 520-534 - Kaloyan Damyanov

:
Robots in Inclusive Education of Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder. 535-547 - Yihua Zhong

, Jili Chen
, Changqin Huang
, Xizhe Wang
, Yixuan Chen
, Tao He
:
An Explicit-Thinking LLM-Based Cognitive Apprenticeship Approach to Promote Students' Metacognition, Higher Order Thinking Skills, and Learning Performance. 548-565 - Yi Lin

, Jingjing Chen
, Feng Chen
, Weiquan Wu
:
A Deep Neural Network-Based Adaptive Gamification Approach for Virtual Learning. 566-583 - Lele Sha

, Zhiping Liang
, Zijie Zeng, Dragan Gasevic
, Guanliang Chen
, Gloria Milena Fernández Nieto, Yi-Shan Tsai
, Zachari Swiecki, Alice Gaby
, John Bradley:
Co-Creating a Community-Focused Educational Knowledge Graph for Trustworthy Language Knowledge: A Case Study on Yanyuwa. 584-597 - Yuki Kitamura

, Hiroyasu Ide
, Hiroyuki Nagataki, Susumu Kanemune, Shizuka Shirai
:
ProtoSim: Interactive Learning Environment for High School Students to Learn the TCP/IP Protocol Suite in Computer Science Education. 598-608 - Chun-Hsiang Chuang

, Ting-Yu Hsu:
Characterizing Interbrain Synchrony in Student Dyads During Collaborative Problem-Solving via Hyperscanning EEG. 609-619 - Miiko Siivonen

, Henri Pirkkalainen
, Bakhtawar Khan
, Nannan Xi
:
Gamification of Competence Development: A Study of Gamified Support for Higher Education and Lifelong Learning. 620-635 - Chih-Chia Chang

, Shu-Chuan Shih
, Bor-Chen Kuo
:
A Dual-Agent Intelligent Tutoring System for Teaching Two-Step Fraction Word Problems. 636-647 - Abigale Plunk

, Mary Baker-Ericzen, Slomith Castellon, Elyse Simakaski, David Caudel, Nilanjan Sarkar
:
A Telemetry-Enabled Driving Training Simulator for Autistic Learners in Community-Based Settings. 648-662 - Dong Liu

, Chenghao Luo
, Daolong Li
, Yiliu Tu
, Enhong Chen
:
MTGKT: Multiscale Temporal Graph Knowledge Tracing. 663-678 - Lixiang Xu

, Xianwei Ding
, Xin Yuan
, Enhong Chen
:
Dynamic Programming Techniques for Enhancing Cognitive Representation in Knowledge Tracing. 679-693 - Jiutong Luo

, Siqi Li, Minjuan Wang
, Xiaoming Cao
, Hui Li
:
The Guideline for Reporting Generative Artificial Intelligence Use in Educational Research: Implications From a Systematic Review. 694-705 - Chris Dede

:
Increased Immersion in the Digital Multiverse: Implications for Adult Motivation. 706-710 - Antun Drobnjak

, Barbi Svetec
, Blazenka Divjak
, Ivica Boticki
:
A Systematic Literature Review on Artificial Intelligence Use in Personalized Learning. 711-727 - Cheolhyeon Han, Frensen Salim

, Sangjae Lee
, Kyungwan Choi
, Jeongho Noh, Byeongjo Gwak, Junsik Shin, Sangwoo Bahn
:
Extending Attention Analysis in E-Learning: Eye-Tracking Metrics That Analyze Gaze Within and Outside AOIs. 728-736 - Souren Pashangpour

, Goldie Nejat
:
An HRI Study of an LLM-Based Social Robot Delivering a University Lecture. 737-751 - Wenzhuo Song

, Xuechen Wang
, Shuang Liang
, Jianan Wang
:
Auditing the Reliability of Automated Risk Evaluators in Agentic Tutoring Systems Under Pedagogical Style Variations. 752-765 - Yeye Tang

, Xu Du
, Jui-Long Hung
, Minjuan Wang
, Tingyin Ding
:
Enhancing Collaborative Problem Solving Through AI Personal Assistant Interactions: Insights From Diverse Prior Knowledge Groups. 766-777 - Xiangping Cui

, Chen Du
, Ying Gao
, Yajuan Cheng, Shujia Fan
, Jun Shen
:
Multidimensional Influences on College Students' Computational Thinking: An Empirical Study in Visual Programming Environments. 778-790 - Jaecheon Jeon

, Junhyeok Jang
, Soon Ki Jung
:
Beyond Student Outputs: Design Requirements for Teacher-Facing Process Analytics in AI-Assisted Block-Based Programming. 791-803 - Conrad Borchers

, Kirk Vanacore
, Markus Wolfgang Hermann Spitzer
, Korbinian Moeller
:
A Three-Factor Model of Engagement and Persistence From Difficulty-Adjusted Practice Decisions in Online Mathematics Learning. 804-817 - Fettah Kiran

, Paul T. Cirino
, Ioannis Pavlidis
:
Redesigning Math Assessment Items as Video Stories is Associated With Reduced Physiological Stress. 818-835

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